Question 1

A security engineer is configuring a Kubernetes Audit Policy to meet strict compliance requirements. The goal is to log all API interactions for forensic purposes, but to absolutely prevent the content of `Secret` objects from appearing in the audit logs to avoid credential leakage. Which configuration in the audit policy rule for `secrets` satisfies this requirement while still maintaining an audit trail of the access?

Accepted Answer

Set the `level` to `Metadata` for resources matching `secrets`., Set the `level` to `Request` for resources matching `secrets`., Set the `omitStages` list to include `ResponseComplete` for `secrets`., Set the `level` to `None` for resources matching `secrets`.

Question 2

During a security assessment, it is discovered that a ServiceAccount bound to a compromised Pod has the 'create' verb permissions for the 'pods' resource, but lacks explicit binding to the 'cluster-admin' role. Assuming Pod Security Admission or other admission controllers do not prevent privileged Pods or hostPath mounts, how can an attacker leverage this specific permission to achieve full cluster compromise?

Accepted Answer

By decrypting the etcd database using the ServiceAccount token, By directly editing the API server configuration file on the master node, By executing a shell command into the kube-system namespace Pods, By creating a privileged Pod that mounts the host's root filesystem

Question 3

In the context of a managed Kubernetes service (such as EKS, GKE, or AKS), which security aspect is typically the responsibility of the cloud provider?

Accepted Answer

Patching and securing the host operating system of the worker nodes, Defining Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for cluster users, Configuration of Network Policies within the cluster, Management and protection of the etcd datastore encryption keys

Question 4

A financial institution requires that a high-risk payment processing application shares absolutely no kernel resources with other workloads running in the same environment to prevent container escape attacks. Which isolation technique fulfills this strict requirement while maintaining a cloud-native workflow?

Accepted Answer

Implementing rigid NetworkPolicies to block all ingress traffic, Utilizing a sandboxed container runtime like Kata Containers or gVisor, Enforcing strict seccomp profiles on the container runtime, Deploying the workload into a dedicated Kubernetes Namespace

Question 5

A platform engineer needs to grant read-only access to Pods across all namespaces in a Kubernetes cluster for a new auditing tool. Which combination of RBAC objects must be created to achieve this requirement while minimizing administrative overhead?

Accepted Answer

A Role with read verbs and a ClusterRoleBinding., A ClusterRole with read verbs and a ClusterRoleBinding., A Role with read verbs and a RoleBinding in the kube-system namespace., A ClusterRole with read verbs and a RoleBinding in each namespace.

Question 6

Access to the cluster's backing store is exclusively managed by which control plane component acting as the only trusted entry point?

Accepted Answer

kube-scheduler, kube-apiserver, Kubelet, kube-controller-manager

Question 7

To minimize the risk of credential leakage while maintaining compliance with a requirement to track 'who did what' in the cluster, which Audit Policy configuration should be applied to Secret resources?

Accepted Answer

Set the logging level to Request, Disable audit logging for the Secrets API group, Set the logging level to Metadata, Set the logging level to RequestResponse

Question 8

When prioritizing vulnerability remediation efforts within a legacy Kubernetes environment, a security team utilizes the DREAD model to score risks. Which of the following factors are explicitly calculated within this specific framework? (Select Two)

Accepted Answer

Regulatory Compliance, Cost of Remediation, Exploitability, Attacker Location, Damage Potential

Question 9

When integrating an external storage system using a Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver, the provisioner requires sensitive credentials to authenticate with the storage backend. Which mechanisms should be used in the StorageClass `parameters` to securely reference these credentials? (Select Two)

Accepted Answer

csi.storage.k8s.io/node-publish-secret-name, storage.kubernetes.io/encrypted-volume-key, volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-provisioner, csi.storage.k8s.io/provisioner-secret-name, k8s.io/credential-provider-config

Question 10

Deployment inconsistencies arise when the `latest` tag points to different artifacts over time. Which registry setting effectively prevents overwriting existing tags?

Accepted Answer

Use a private registry with strict RBAC, Implement image tag immutability, Configure a shorter garbage collection interval, Enable content trust in the container runtime

Question 11

During a security incident simulation, an attacker compromises a pod and attempts to overwhelm the Kubernetes API server by sending a massive number of concurrent requests, causing legitimate administrative commands to time out. To mitigate this specific type of Denial of Service attack at the cluster level, which mechanism should be configured?

Accepted Answer

**ServiceAccount token automounting** relates to credential injection, not traffic flow control., API Priority and Fairness (APF), **PodSecurityPolicy** (deprecated) restricts pod security contexts but does not rate-limit API requests., **NetworkPolicy** controls traffic between pods but does not inherently manage the queuing logic within the API server application itself.

Question 12

To enforce the principle of least privilege within the control plane, an administrator needs to ensure that each control loop within the Kubernetes Controller Manager operates with its own specific RBAC permissions rather than a single broad Service Account. Which flag must be enabled to achieve this isolation?

Accepted Answer

--enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction, --use-service-account-credentials=true, --authorization-mode=RBAC, --service-account-private-key-file

Question 13

A platform engineer is tasked with hardening the container runtime environment to minimize the impact of a potential container escape. Which of the following configuration approaches directly address privilege reduction and isolation at the runtime level? (Select Two)

Accepted Answer

Apply the RuntimeDefault (container runtime's default) Seccomp profile to all workloads, Mounting the Docker socket into all containers for better observability, Enabling User Namespaces to remap container UIDs to unprivileged host UIDs, Granting the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability to all containers for compatibility, Disabling the OOM (Out of Memory) Killer on the kubelet

Question 14

A platform engineer notices that developers frequently deploy Pods without setting resource constraints, leading to noisy neighbor issues. To automatically assign default CPU and memory requests to a Pod only when they are not specified in the manifest, which admission controller should be enabled and configured?

Accepted Answer

PodSecurity, NodeRestriction, ResourceQuota, LimitRanger

Question 15

To guarantee that the container images running in a production cluster are identical to the specific artifacts produced by the CI/CD pipeline and have not been tampered with, which security mechanism should be integrated into the deployment workflow?

Accepted Answer

Container Runtime Sandboxing, Image Vulnerability Scanning, Cryptographic Image Signing and Verification, Network Segmentation

Question 16

Supply chain integrity can be compromised through various vectors. Select the scenarios that specifically constitute supply chain attacks requiring compliance mitigation. (Select Two)

Accepted Answer

Compromise of a base image used in a Dockerfile, A DDoS attack targeting the Kubernetes API server, Misconfiguration of a NetworkPolicy allowing lateral movement, Typosquatting attacks on public package registries, Exposure of a Secret via a Kubernetes environment variable

Question 17

A security administrator must implement an Egress NetworkPolicy for pods labeled `role: payment-processor`. The policy must enforce the following strict connectivity requirements:

1. Allow TCP traffic on port 443 to the external IP range `198.51.100.0/24`, but explicitly **block** traffic to the specific IP `198.51.100.10` within that range.
2. Allow UDP traffic on port 53 to CoreDNS pods labeled `k8s-app: kube-dns` in the `kube-system` namespace (assuming standard namespace labels exist).
3. Deny all other egress traffic.

Which of the following YAML specifications correctly implements these requirements with the principle of least privilege?

Accepted Answer

egress:
- to:
  - ipBlock:
      cidr: 198.51.100.0/24
  - namespaceSelector:
      matchLabels:
        kubernetes.io/metadata.name: kube-system
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 443
  - protocol: UDP
    port: 53
  except:
  - 198.51.100.10/32, egress:
- to:
  - ipBlock:
      cidr: 198.51.100.0/24
      except:
      - 198.51.100.10/32
    namespaceSelector:
      matchLabels:
        kubernetes.io/metadata.name: kube-system
    podSelector:
      matchLabels:
        k8s-app: kube-dns
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 443
  - protocol: UDP
    port: 53, egress:
- to:
  - ipBlock:
      cidr: 198.51.100.0/24
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 443
- to:
  - ipBlock:
      cidr: 198.51.100.10/32
  action: Deny
- to:
  - namespaceSelector:
      matchLabels:
        kubernetes.io/metadata.name: kube-system
  ports:
  - protocol: UDP
    port: 53, egress:
- to:
  - ipBlock:
      cidr: 198.51.100.0/24
      except:
      - 198.51.100.10/32
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 443
- to:
  - namespaceSelector:
      matchLabels:
        kubernetes.io/metadata.name: kube-system
    podSelector:
      matchLabels:
        k8s-app: kube-dns
  ports:
  - protocol: UDP
    port: 53

Question 18

Which Pod Security Standard profile is designed to permit the default, minimally restricted configuration of a Pod while strictly preventing known privilege escalations such as HostPath mounts and HostNamespaces?

Accepted Answer

Baseline, Restricted, Default, Privileged

Question 19

Which of the following are valid stages defined in the Kubernetes audit logging lifecycle that indicate a distinct point in the request processing timeline? (Select Two)

Accepted Answer

ValidationPassed, AuthenticationSuccess, ResponseComplete, AuthorizationApproved, RequestReceived

Question 20

A new compliance standard requires an organization to maintain a comprehensive inventory of all open-source libraries and packages included in their production container images to facilitate rapid vulnerability impact analysis. Which standard format should be adopted to satisfy this documentation requirement?

Accepted Answer

CycloneDX, Falco Rules, Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), Open Policy Agent (OPA)

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